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position | restriction of xsd:NMTOKEN | float | optional | ||||
specific-use | xsd:string | optional | |||||
xml:base | xs:anyURI | optional |
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xml:lang | union of(xs:language, restriction of xs:string) | optional |
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Element Groups | block-display.class, floats-display.class, just-table.class |
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Figures and Tables |
Figure 1 |
Locations of study sites. |
< graphic xmlns = "" xlink:href = "ijgi-07-00013-g001.tif" /> |
Figure 2 |
An ideal curve of a semivariogram with a range of 10 and a sill of 30. |
Figure 3 |
Workflow of this study. |
Figure 4 |
Semivariograms for: built area ( |
a |
); farmland ( |
b |
); forest ( |
c |
); grassland ( |
d |
); and water ( |
e |
), via sub-area method (SAM). |
Figure 5 |
Semivariograms for: built area ( |
a |
); farmland ( |
b |
); forest ( |
c |
); grassland ( |
d |
); water ( |
e |
); and overall ( |
f |
) based on direct-analysis method (DAM). |
Figure 6 |
Probability distributions for the built area ( |
red |
), farmland ( |
green |
), forest ( |
blue |
), grassland ( |
black |
), and water ( |
yellow |
). |
Figure 7 |
Relationship between the group number ( |
GN |
) and fitting R |
2 |
for Ansai’s forest ( |
a |
), grassland ( |
b |
), farmland ( |
c |
), Taihe’s forest ( |
d |
), grassland ( |
e |
), farmland ( |
f |
), and Changdu’s forest ( |
g |
), grassland ( |
h |
), farmland ( |
i |
); the |
x |
-axis is |
GN |
, and the |
y |
-axis is R |
2 |
. |
Figure 8 |
Relationship between sample size ( |
SS |
) and R |
2 |
for Ansai’s forest ( |
a |
), grassland ( |
b |
), farmland ( |
c |
), Taihe’s forest ( |
d |
), grassland ( |
e |
), farmland ( |
f |
), and Changdu’s forest ( |
g |
), grassland ( |
h |
), farmland ( |
i |
); the |
x |
-axis is |
SS |
and the |
y |
-axis is R |
2 |
. |
Figure 9 |
Relationship between the simulation times and standard deviation of average fitting ranges for forest ( |
blue |
), grassland ( |
green |
), and farmland ( |
red |
) in Ansai County. |
Figure 10 |
Land cover maps for: ( |
a |
) Ansai County; ( |
b |
) Taihe County; and ( |
c |
) Changdu County. |
Figure 11 |
Probability distributions for the ranges for: Ansai County ( |
a |
); Taihe County ( |
b |
); and Changdu County ( |
c |
). |
Figure 12 |
Appropriate scales for forest, grassland, and farmland at the study sites. |
Figure 13 |
Proportion of the area of the ground features in: ( |
a |
) Ansai; ( |
b |
) Taihe; and ( |
c |
) Changdu. |
ijgi-07-00013-t001_Table 1 |
Table 1 |
Image bands and sampling cell size. |
Items |
Detail |
Blue |
440–510 nm |
Green |
520–590 nm |
Red |
630–685 nm |
Red Edge |
690–730 nm |
Infrared |
760–850 nm |
Sampling cell |
6.5 m |
ijgi-07-00013-t002_Table 2 |
Table 2 |
Image number and capture date. |
Region |
Number |
Capture Date |
Ansai County |
4 |
3 |
1 |
September 2010, 1 October 2010 |
Taihe County |
4 |
1 November 2011, 2 September 2012, 1 October 2010 |
Changdu County |
5 |
2 September 2010 |
1 |
The values in parentheses indicate the number of images captured on that date. |
ijgi-07-00013-t003_Table 3 |
Table 3 |
Image interpretation, indexes used and values. |
County |
Visual Interpretation |
Object-Based Automatic Interpretation |
Ansai County |
Farmland, built area, and river |
Forest (NDVI > 0.3), grassland (NDVI > 0.05), lake (NDWI > 0.3), barren (Brightness > 5600), others (all the rest) |
Taihe County |
Built area and river |
Lake (NDWI > 0.25), farmland (NDSI > −0.17), forest (NDVI > 0.25 and Brightness < 4260), barren (Brightness > 5500), grassland (NDVI > 0), other (all the rest) |
Changdu County |
Farmland, built area and water |
Forest (DN < 1950), grassland (NDVI > 0.07), others (all the rest) |
ijgi-07-00013-t004_Table 4 |
Table 4 |
R |
2 |
values for the exponential and spherical models. |
< th rowspan = "2" align = "center" valign = "middle" style = "border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" /> |
Ansai County |
Taihe County |
Changdu County |
Forest |
Grass |
Farmland |
Forest |
Grass |
Farmland |
Forest |
Grass |
Farmland |
Exponential |
0.93 |
0.94 |
0.79 |
0.92 |
0.90 |
0.81 |
0.87 |
0.56 |
0.89 |
Spherical |
0.56 |
0.61 |
0.49 |
0.36 |
0.38 |
0.50 |
0.38 |
0.27 |
0.39 |
ijgi-07-00013-t005_Table 5 |
Table 5 |
Standard deviation of the ranges. |
< th rowspan = "2" align = "center" valign = "middle" style = "border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" /> |
Ansai County |
Taihe County |
Changdu County |
Forest |
Grassland |
Farmland |
Forest |
Grassland |
Farmland |
Forest |
Grassland |
Farmland |
Before (B) |
24.5 |
29.8 |
92.9 |
142.4 |
110.5 |
167.9 |
81.9 |
418.2 |
127.5 |
After (A) |
10.9 |
13.4 |
5.8 |
137.9 |
74.9 |
22.4 |
62.4 |
7053.7 |
34.3 |
A−B |
−13.6 |
−16.4 |
−87.1 |
−4.5 |
−35.6 |
−145.5 |
−19.5 |
6635.5 |
−93.2 |
Percentage |
55.5% |
55.0% |
93.8% |
3.2% |
32.2% |
86.7% |
23.8% |
------ |
73.1% |
ijgi-07-00013-t006_Table 6 |
Table 6 |
Accuracy assessment of the classification results for Ansai, Taihe, and Changdu. |
< th align = "center" valign = "middle" style = "border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" /> |
Overall Accuracy |
Kappa Coefficient |
Ansai County |
0.89 |
0.87 |
Taihe County |
0.88 |
0.86 |
Changdu County |
0.89 |
0.87 |
ijgi-07-00013-t007_Table 7 |
Table 7 |
Applicable satellite imagery for general ground features in pilot areas. |
< th align = "center" valign = "middle" style = "border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" /> |
Ground Features |
Average Size (m) |
Maximum Resolution (m) |
Applicable Satellite Imagery |
Ansai County |
Forest |
45 |
15 |
e.g., Landsat 8 (15 m) |
Grassland |
39 |
13 |
e.g., Sentinel-2A (10 m) |
Farmland |
63 |
21 |
e.g., CBERS-2 (20 m) |
Taihe County |
Forest |
433 |
144 |
e.g., CBERS-2 (20 m) |
Grassland |
217 |
72 |
e.g., CBERS-2 (20 m) |
Farmland |
58 |
19 |
e.g., Landsat 8 (15 m) |
Changdu County |
Forest |
108 |
36 |
e.g., CBERS-2 (20 m) |
Grassland |
1308 |
436 |
e.g., CBERS-2 (20 m) |
Farmland |
98 |
32 |
e.g., CBERS-2 (20 m) |